i13 



THE FARM 

AND THE 

WOGDLOT 




BY J. E. BARTON 

STATE FORESTER OF KENTUCKY 

FRANKFORT 



The Farm and the Woodlot 



By J. E. BARTON, 

State Forester of Kentucky. 

Published by the direction of the State Board of 
Forestry. 

Governor James B. McCreaey, 
Chairman. 

John W. Newman, 
Commissioner of Agriculture. 

Joseph H. Kastle, 
Director, Kentucky Experiment Station. 

Hon. Johnson N. Camden, 
Versailles. 

Hon. W. H. Mackoy, 
Covington. 

. Mrs. Mason Maury, 
Louisville. 



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B. "f 0. 

MAY 8 1919 



THE FARM AND THE WOODLOT 



INTRODUCTION. 

Undoubtedly, one of the most important phases ot the 
forestry work, so far as the individual States are concerned, 
is the question of the woodlot and its improvement. In the 
Eastern States — that is, tliose east of the ^Mississippi River^ 
a very considerable portion of the forested areas within each 
State is in the form of woodlots which are a part of and an 
adjunct to the farm so that in any comprehensive forest policy 
for the Eastern United States a great deal of attention must 
be focused upon this phase of the Wiork.^- This is, undoubtedly, 
true so far as Kentucky is concerned where, as a whole, the 
land is held in fee simple by the citizens of the State as farms 
from a few acres in size up to several thousand acres. By the 
majority of the owners of these farms, the value and import- 
ance of the woodlot is little understood nor has the practice 
of forestry as it applies to these woodlots any significance 
whatsoever. The object of this bulletin is to make clear just 
what forestry is, the relation of scientific forestry to the im- 
provement of the woodlot and the economical part which the 
farm woodlot plays in the industrial and social welfare of the 
State. As a matter of fact, this is one of the most difficult 
features of the work to present properly, because it is a hard 
matter to make clear to the average individual just why a 
woodlot is an asset in connection with his property and how 
the improvement and care of his woodlot concerns him closely 
and means a proportional increase directly in the actual money 
value of the material on hand and indirectly in ways which 
do not present themselves readily unless tlie attention is 
focused on them — as for example, the value of a woodlot as 
a wind-break in connection Avith an orchard or in connection 
with the farm as a whole, or tlie value of a wooded area on an 



4 The Fakm and the Woodlot 

easily eroded hillside as a fixative for the soil and a preven- 
tative- against the deterioration of the cnltivated areas below 
it. The effort then of this bulletin will be — first, to show how 
the average Avoodlot may be brought to a standard of pro- 
ductivity compatible Avith the complete utilization of the 
ground, and second, to show in detail what the direct and in- 
direct benefits of a woodlot in connection with any farm Avill be 
under the best circumstances. In the preparation of this -bul- 
letin, free use has been made of all bulletins and publications 
on this subject, which the writer has been able to get hold of 
and acknowledgment is made to these as a whole, since it 
would be impracticable to make complete individual acknoAvl- 
edgement. 

WHAT IS FORESTRY? 

To the average individual, forestry as a science does not 
mean very much. The impression is that it has to do with the 
trees, but to what extent and how it deals with this question 
is by no means thoroughly understood. In the first place, for- 
estry deals with trees as a community and not as an individual 
— that is, it deals with them in the bulk and in this respect 
differs from kindred sciences where the individual tree is a 
matter of concern. The forester is often called upon to answer 
questions and discuss matters with relation to shade trees or 
ornamental trees, but this is not a matter within his province 
proj^erly, but is a matter for the landscape architect or horti- 
culturist. Forestry primarily concerns itself with the plant- 
ing and growing of trees for sale at a profit. Occasionally 
forestry may concern itself with the growing and raising of 
trees for purposes where the money value of the crop, while it 
may not be as evident as where the trees are placed on the 
market and sold, is neverthehless, a real money consideration. 
This is the case, where certain areas are planted for the purifi- 
cation and conservation of a city water supply. Here the 
actual Avortli of the forest is the value to the people of the 
city or community of pure drinking water. This will be the 
case in the Catskill IMountains where enormous expenditures 
are being made for supplying New York City with pure water 



The Farm and the Woodlot 5 

and where the purity of this water supply depends upon the 
maintenance of certain areas in forest groAvth. Forestry then, 
so far as it relates to the farm and woodlot, may be defined 
as dealing with trees as communities and the growing and 
marketing of these trees for a profit. It is a simple proposi- 
tion, the same as raising corn. In raising corn, the ground 
is prepared, the seed is planted at a certain time in the spring, 
the necessary attention is given during the growing season 
and in the fall it is harvested and sold. A certain price is 
obtained for the grain and a certain price for the stalks, 
usually in the form of fodder for stock. The chief value of the 
corn crop depends upon the number of bushels per acre of 
corn (grain) that have been produced and the kind and quality 
of corn there is to market. The kind and quality of the corn 
crop depends on the selection of seed. All this is accomplished 
within a year's time — the planting, the harvesting, the cul- 
tivation and the sale of the product. Forestry is exactly the 
same proposition. The stock is selected, the trees are planted, 
the necessary attention is given them during the growing 
period, and eventually the crop is harvested and marketed for 
the best price obtainable. The value of the timber crop de- 
pends on how much material you raise to the acre, the kind 
and quality of the product you have to market and the de- 
mand in the market for the class of material to which the 
timber crop is particularly adapted. The chief difference is 
this: that, whereas, the corn crop has been planted, harvested 
and marketed within one growing season, a forest crop takes 
a period of growing seasons before it is ready to market. The 
precise length of this period depends on the kind of material 
you are to raise, as fence posts, ties, lumber, etc. 

IMPROVEMENT OF THE WOODLOT. 

What then can be done to show the man most concerned, 
the farmer, the importance of the improvement of his wood- 
lot? First, an attempt will be made to set forth the matter 
as clearly as possible in print, which is the object of this 
bulletin ; and the necessary steps will then be taken to furnish 
an- ocular demonstration of the facts herein set forth by the 



6 The Fabm and the Woodlot 

establishment of inirsevies and the maintenance of model 
woodlots. On the big majority of farms in Kentucky, there 
are certain areas which are not good farm land and never will 
be for a variety of reasons ( inferior soil, rocky soil, too steep 
a slope, etc.) ; but these lands in most cases can produce timber 
crops and should be producing them, since they are a commer- 
cial adjunct to the farm and bring in a revenue. As Mr. W. 
F. Cook, of Hickman County, says, "It is a great deal more 
valuable than giving the land over to weeds and wild briars." 
Ordinarily, there is little or no attention paid to the wood- 
lot on a farm, and without attention a woodlot is in much the 
same condition as a corn field in which no attention was paid 
to the kind of corn planted, and which was not cultivated 
during the growing season. You commonly find in a woodlot 
a great variety of trees, some of a valuable species and some 
of more or less worthless species. You also find crooked and 
defective and diseased trees, and further you ordinarily do 
not find in any particular woodlot one-half the trees that the 
ground will support, which is about the Avorst feature of all, 
since here is an economic waste. 

PURPOSES OF THE WOODLOT. 

When the improvement of the woodlot is seriously under 
consideration, one of the first propositions is to determine just 
what purpose the woodlot will serve in the ecoiiomy of the 
farm. Ordinarily a woodlot will be maintained for the fol- 
lowing reasons: 1. To furnish fence posts; 2. To furnish fuel; 

3, As a shelter belt for certain areas or for the whole farm; 

4, As a protection on steep up-lands against erosion; 5. As a 
means of regeneration of worn out land ; 6. As an investment 
pure and simple, without regard to immediate returns ; 7. For 
the aesthetic value. Any combination of these reasons may 
prevail for the maintenance of a woodlot; however, each one 
of them will be discussed in its turn as separate propositions. 

1. Probably one of the chief reasons for maintaining tlie 
woodlot on farms in Kentucky from the purely utilitarian 
standpoint will be to obtain fence posts. These are a eommod- 



The Farm and the Woodlot 7 

ity on the farm which cannot be dispensed with and for which 
the demand is staple. Concrete may and will at some future 
date, supersede wood as fence posts, especially in rich easily 
accessible agricultural regions Avhere farming is very profita- 
ble and conducted as a business, but it will do this only 
slowly in remote regions, and at the present time concrete 
posts are not extensively used in any locality. A woodlot 
can then be reasonably maintained for the production of fence 
posts. Ordinarily the posts are largely consumed on the 
home farm, since they are more valuable to the producer at 
this point than if he should sell them ; however, if there is a 
surplus, a market for this will not be lacking and the price 
obtained will more than justify the cost of the establisliment 
of the woodlot and its maintenance up to the time of har- 
vesting the crop. In considering the species which lend them- 
selves most readily to the production of this class of products 
in Kentucky, undoubtedly, black locust (Robinia pseudacacia) 
sometimes locally called yellow locust, lends itself most read- 
ily to this purpose. It is indigeneous to the State, grows 
fairly rapidly and lasts a long time in contact with the soil, 
three prime requisites of any species which is to be used in 
the grownng of this class of material. Other species which may 
be used are catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) walnut, osage orange, 
chestnut and juniper (also known locally as cedar or red 
cedar). 

2. As a general proposition, it appears that the mainte- 
nance of a woodlot for the growing of fuel, so far as Ken- 
tucky is concerned, is not an important consideration. So far 
as my observation goes throughout the State — even in the 
rural districts — coal is the general fuel in use on account of 
the abundance of supply and is in a large number of ways 
cheaper and preferable to wood as a fuel. On this account 
the woodlot will supply only a very small amount of fuel 
and consideration of this matter is not important. If it does 
happen that a supply of fuel Avood is desirable or necessary 
on the farm, undoubtedly, hickory and oak lend theriiselves 
most readily for this purpose. Any species of hickory grows 
fairly rapidly, and certain species of oak, as for instance red 



8 The Faeim and the Woodlot 

oak, makes a reasonably rapid growth. A woodlot for this 
purpose would be managed as a sprout forest. 

3. The removal of forests and wooded areas of Kentucky- 
has undoubtedly resulted in certain climatic changes. These 
are principally to be noticed in the prevalence of high winds 
which formerly did not exist, and such winds have a marked 
effect on certain farm activities, as for instance the handling 
of an orchard or the handling of stock. A shelter belt, there- 
fore, offers protection to the farm house and surrounding 
buildings. To be of use, the shelter belt or wind break must 
be in the direction of the prevailing winds. Further, since 
in all probability a shelter belt is of most use and is most de- 
sirable in the winter time, the component species in the shelter 
belt should be, to a large extent, evergreens, so that the ef- 
fectiveness may be as great in winter as in summer. In ecui- 
nection wdth an orchard, a shelter belt or wind break, un- 
doubtedly, protects against cold and destructive currents of 
air which injure the orchard in various ways either by in- 
juring the blossoms of the fruit, or at a later period, by injur- 
ing the fruit, which is blow^n from the trees by the wind 
and left in bad condition for shipping. 

The species then Avhich should compose a shelter belt 
should, as far as posible, have these characteristics. They 
should grow fast to furnish the maximum amount of protection 
in the shortest space of time, and should have as wide a use- 
fulness as possible. So far as the majority of instances are 
concerned, the shelter belt might have two objects. The pro- 
duction of useful material for the farm as fence posts as well 
as a wind break. In this case, it Avould be well to plant black 
locust in conjunction with some evergreens, as white pine or 
Norway spruce, hemlock or yellow pine. The number of 
evergreens wdiich may be utilized for this purpose in Kentucky 
are limited, but the number of hardwoods which lend them- 
selves to this purpose is very great, as for instance, the hick- 
ories, ashes, black locust, poplars, tulip poplar, osage orange 
and others. Beech also makes a good tree for the composition 
of a shelter belt. 



The Farm axd the Woodlot 




Chestnut plantation, thirty years old. Photo by U. S. Forest Service. 



10 The Farm and the AYoodlot 

4. As a protection on a steep np-lands against erosion, 
the chief thing is to establish a forest cover. The composi- 
tion of the stand is more or less immaterial although it is 
always desirable that tlie most readily marketable species 
shall be used so that the woodlands in addition to performing 
their protective function may also supply an actual revenue. 
Therefore, as far as possible, the trees to be used should be 
the ashes, oak, chestnut, hickories, maples and other species, 
whose value in the lumber market is standard. The chief 
feature in regard to this protective woodland is that the 
forest cover shall remain unbroken. 

5. As a means of regeneration of worn out land, espec- 
ially hillsides, which are liable to erosion and do not lend 
themselves easily to a scientific rotation of crops, a forest 
cover is a very important factor since it furnishes to the soil 
the essential humus and, when such species as the black locust 
or honey locust are planted, it furnishes the nitrogenous ele- 
ments to the soil, since the locusts are legumes and produce 
on their roots nodules of nitrifying organisms similar to those 
found on the roots of alfalfa, cow-peas or soy beans. 

6. As a general proposition, the raising of lumber or tim- 
ber by an individual is out of the question on account of the 
length of time which it takes to grow the better grades of 
this material. Ordinarily, a tree fifty years old will furnish 
only the poorest grades of lumber and usually only small 
dimension stock. Generally speaking, one hundred years is 
not too small a calculation for the length of rotation when 
lumber is the aim. In the event that any individual plants 
trees for the production of the lumber, such planting is done 
as an investment purely and simply since he can not expect 
to see the crop harvested Avithin his life time. The only mon- 
etary benefit that could possiblj^ accrue to the owner is from 
the material which may have to be thinned out or in the event 
that he should desire to sell his farm when the existence of a 
grove or woodland of healthy young trees would represent an 
actual money value to the purchaser. In case planting for this 
reason is made, the trees should be those which are the most 
valuable lumber producing species, as for instance, the oaks. 



The Faem and the Woodlot 11 

the ashes, hickory, sweet gum, tulip poplar, white and yellow 
pines, basswood and a fcAv others. 

7. It may be that in connection with the farm the presence 
of a grove of trees thereon will represent a value from the 
aesthetic and science standpoint where the beauty of the land- 
scape is a matter of consideration to the owner of the land, or 
to any one who might desire to purchase it. In this event 
the kind of tree is not so important as the actual presence of 
trees of some kind. The general effect is the main considera- 
tion, without regard to the individual features which compose 
this effect. 

FOREST TAXATION. 

One of the most important factors in connection with the 
consideration of woodlots is the matter of taxation, and this 
is a matter which so far as Kentucky is concerned, has had 
little attention. In the first place, there is no classification of 
land within the State for taxation purjDOses. It is a generally 
accepted theory among experts in this matter at the present 
time that there is only one fair method of taxation wiiich may 
be applied to land maintained by the owner in forest growth 
and that is that there should be a tax placed on the land which 
shall be an annual tax, and another tax placed on the forest 
crop when it is harvested. In no other manner does it seem 
probable that reforestation of suitable areas throughout the 
State may be accomplished, since in the first place, on account 
of the character of the investment the owner of the land must 
be assured before hand just what his taxes on the land are to 
be, and in the second place the risks attendant upon the rais- 
ing of a forest crop, because of the long period of years before 
it reaches maturity, make it essential that the crop of forest 
products shall be taxed at maturity when it is harvested, rather 
than that an annual tax shall be imposed. Certain States 
have already gone a long ways in this direction and Pennsyl- 
vania has recently passed three laws dealing with the matter 
of forest taxation and the classification of forest land which 
embrace the best features of recent thought on this subject. 
The essentials of the recent Pennsvlvania laAvs are as follows : 



12 The Faem and the Woodlot 

1. Classification of suitable land set aside by the owner 
for forest purposes as auxiliary forest reserves. 

2. Agreement with the State to maintain such land in 
forest groW'th and penalties for failure to carry out agree- 
ment. 

3. Assessment of laud classified as auxiliary forest re- 
serves at $1.00 per acre annual tax. 

4. Payment by owner of 10 per cent of the value of the 
forest products when harvested to the county to be distrib- 
uted among the proper county funds. 

5. Fixed charge on auxiliary forest reserve land of two 
cents per acre for schools and two cents per acre for roads. 

Under these provisions it is obvious that the growing of 
timber on suitable areas would be reduced to a practical busi- 
ness basis. 

Providing the tax question is sufficiently settled and defi- 
nite for a period of years the regeneration of the woodlot or 
the establishment of one may be undertaken as a safe invest- 
ment. So far as Kentucky is concerned, the present tax laAvs 
and the manner of handling the assessments in the counties 
are not such as to bear heavily on timbered or wooded areas. 
In the event that a new classification of land is made and new 
tax laws enacted e\evy ett'ort should be made to bring about 
such a classification of forest land and such a system of tax- 
ation as will encourage the reforestation of suitable areas and 
the regeneration of the present woodlands. 

REGENERATION OF THE WOODLOT. 

"When the question of the regeneration of the woodlot 
is seriously considered there are several points which stand 
out prominently as follows : 

1. Protection. 

2. Taking of stock. 

3. Removal of undesirable species. 

4. Selection of desirable species. 

5. Method of regeneration. 

6. Care and management. 



The Farm and the Woodlot 13 

1. Protection. It is essential that a woodlot shall be pro- 
tected if it is to be au asset to the owner and brings him 
financial retnrns. There are two destructive agencies against 
which he must make special efforts, fire and stock. It may 
seem unnecessary to point out the various bad effects which 
fire and stock have on woodlands, but they are nevertheless 
here set forth in brief. Fire destroys timber utterly, injures 
it so that it is subject to insect and fungi attacks, lowers the 
grade of the timber, destroys or seriously injures reproduction, 
destroys humus and lowers the productive capacity of the 
soil. There is no way in wliich burning over a woodland im- 
proves the character of the forest. Stock have a very in- 
jurious effect on trees, especially young growth. Some stock 
eat up the nuts and berries and seeds which are the means of 
reproducing the forest. Other stock browse on the young 
trees which have started, destroying the young growth alto- 
gether or seriously gnawing other trees thereby leaving them 
badly malformed and depleted in vitality. By rubbing against 
small trees stock also do a great deal of harm. So stock should 
be rigidly excluded from the w^oodlot, or at least until all 
the trees are well developed and even then no good is accom- 
plished. If possible, the woodlot should be well fenced. The 
other destructive agencies against which protection may be- 
come necessary are insects and disease. If fire and stock are 
excluded, the chances of insects and disease doing serious 
damage is materially decreased. Diseases and insects are 
best kept in check by keeping the Avooded area clean of dead 
and decaying material. In case of serious insect infectation it 
may in some eases pay to spray the trees, but under ordinary 
conditions this is not practical. The common way of fighting 
disease and insects is to cut down and burn all aff'ected trees. 

2. Taking of Stock. The next step in the regeneration 
of our woodland is to find out the extent and character of 
the stock on hand, for we can not proceed intelligently with- 
out this knowledge. This taking of stock may be a purely 
ocular process or it may be a detailed estimate and descrip- 
tion, depending on the extent of the woodland and the desires 
of the owner. All reproduction should be accounted for as well 



14 The Faem and the Woodlot 

as the older stock on hand. The taking of stock should also 
involve the division of species into desirable and undesirable 
species, by desirable species being meant such species as it is 
desired to encourage because of the demand for it in the local 
market or because of the use which may be made of it by 
the owner on his farm. The desirable species will usually in- 
clude the fast growing species. 

3. Removal of Undesirable Species and Trees. The first 
actual work in connection with the regeneration of the woodlot 
is the removal of undesirable species. "When this is under- 
taken the local market and other markets should be carefully 
studied in order that, if possible, a sale may be found for the 
material which is removed, so that the work may pay for itself. 
In determining what are undesirable species there are several 
factors which will govern and no specific list of trees can be 
cited. The desire of the owner, the market for the material,, 
rapidity of growth and other features are among the import- 
ant considerations. Such trees as blue beach, horn beam, red 
bud, service berry and others have no rightful place in a 
woodlot since they take up space without furnishing any pro- 
duct of value, unless the wooded area is desired for its aes- 
thetic features. In a woodlot which is maintained for fence 
posts and fuel it Avould be poor policy to retain any but those 
species which make good fence post material and fuel and grow 
rapidly. In this matter, common sense will go a long way. 
Also badly suppressed trees, malformed and diseased or in- 
fected individuals should be removed as far as practicable. 

4. Selection of Desirable Species. In the selection of de- 
sirable species there are a large number of considerations, and 
the first of these is the purpose of the owner in maintaining 
the wodlot. For instance, if the owner desires fence posts, 
and fencing material, his woodlot will, in Kentucky, be con- 
fined to those species which produce such material quickly, 
as for example black locust, catalpa, chestnut and walnut, 
also it will be well to have a percentage of red cedar (juniper) 
in the mixture, for since red cedar grows comparatively 
slowly, it may be reserved to be cut as the second crop and will 
serve to shade the ground and prevent erosion when the faster 



The Farm and the Woodlot I5 

growing species have been cut and during the restocking 
of the area. If fuel as well as fence post material is de- 
sired, a mixture including hickory, oak and chestnut would 
be desirable. If ties, posts, poles or other products are an 
object, certain species are desirable and are easily grown. A 
list of trees suitable for various purposes is herewith given. 
No species are included in this list which will not produce 
marketable material repeatedly within the lifetime of a single 
individual. Only in unusual cases is the raising of trees for 
lumber recommended as a feasible or profitable venture for 
the individual farm owner. 

Fence posts and fencing material — Black locust, catalpa, 
chestnut, walnut, oak, red cedar (juniper). 
Fuel — Oak, hickory, maple, chestnut. 
Poles — Chestnut, catalpa, red cedar. 
Ties — Black locust, catalpa, chestnut, walnut, oak. 
Vehicle material and handle stock — Hickory. 
5. Methods of Regeneration. There are several things 
which must be done to secure a good forest over the area. If 
natural seeding is to be depended upon for reproduction, the 
ground must be prepared to receive the seed. Sometimes the 
sod will be so thick over the area that seeds get no chance 
to generate. In this case, the sod should be plowed up, if pos- 
sible, or harrowed so that the seeds may have a suitable oppor- 
tunity to start. To do well, it is necessary that the seeds and 
seedlings have easy access to the mineral soil. It may be that 
the ground is so shaded that seedlings do not receive the nec- 
essary sunlight. If this be so, sufficiently large openings 
should be made in the forest cover to admit the required 
light. It may be that natural seeding does not proceed rap- 
idly enough and that this must be supplemented by the sow- 
ing of seed artificially. When artificial sowing is resorted to 
it Avill be found that there are several methods of sowing 
which recommend themselves; broadcast, sowing in prepared 
rows, sowing in prepared seed spots and sowing with a corn 
planter either in rows or spots. This last method is recom- 
mended as being usually most satisfactory and economical. 
Sowing with a corn planter can be resorted to only in the case 



16 The Farm and the Woodlot 

of small seeds. Large seeds, such as walnuts, iiickory imts, 
etc., must be planted by hand, but when this is done they are 
liable to be eaten by squirrels or other rodents, in which case 
it may be necessary to plant such seeds in small protected 
seed beds and then transplant the seedlings to the place 
where they are desired. 

If planting is to be depended upon for reforesting, the 
nursery stock obtained should be small seedlings not over one 
or two years old or transplants two to three years old. If the 
amount of planting to be done is large, it may be wise to 
start seed beds close to the ground where the planting is to be 
done and not to depend on commercial nurseries for stock. 

6. Care and Management. It will be found that the care 
and management of the Avoodlot is relativ^ely a simple matter 
after the forest is Avell established and that the character of 
the stock and the amount and quality of the products will 
improve materially with management. There aj^e certain 
systems of management which recommend themselves for 
woodlots such as the (1) simple coppice (2) polewood coppice 
(3) coppice with standards or variations of these. The three 
methods here cited are briefly described. 

Simple Coppice. This is a system of management wherein 
all the stand is cut and the restocking of the area is secured by 
sprouts from the old stumps. Under this system the stand 
should be cut at an age not to exceed twenty-five years and 
preferably about fifteen years, although this is usually im- 
possible from a commercial standpoint. The cutting should 
be done in the late fall, winter or early spring. The stumps 
should be cut low, smooth and slanting so as to shed water 
and prevent decay. After a time under this system the sprout- 
ing capacity of the stump is greatly reduced and arrangement 
must be made to secure new individuals either by direct seed- 
ing or by planting. 

Pole Wood Coppice. This system involves the leaving of 
certain trees until they reach the pole wood stage and are 
suitable for such products as ties, poles, etc. It is a favorite 
method of handling woodlots. 



The Farm and the Woodlot 17 

Pole Wood Standards. This system involves the leaving 
of a certain few trees until they are of large size. Such 
trees should usually be from the seed. 

In the management of the woodland, it will be necessary 
to make several cuttings before the final cutting at the end of 
the rotation, usually one or two. A thinning may early be- 
come necessary to give the best specimens a better chance 
for growth. Sometimes two thinnings may be required. Often 
a thinning may be required to secure reproduction by open- 
ing up the forest cover and exposing the ground so that young 
growth may have the opportunity to get started. 

In the final cutting, when all or the major part of the crop 
is cut, the material should be removed from the ground as 
rapidly as possible and the brush disposed of when practical. 
The disposal of brush will usually take the form of lopping 
the limbs from the tops and scattering them, so as to secure 
early decay of the waste material. Sometimes the brush 
may be advantageously piled and burned. 

CONCLUSION. 

No attempt has been made in this bulletin to deal ex- 
haustively with the woodlot problem. The desire has been to 
point the way for the improvement of the woodlots in Ken- 
tucky, Individual cases deserve specific consideration, and 
only the main features of the proposition have been touched 
upon. The State Forester will cheerfully answer by mail all 
questions relating to this subject so far as it is possible to do 
so, and will give such personal advice and direction as the time 
at his disposal and the circumstances v/arrant. A list of books, 
bulletins and articles treating this subject is appended for 
those who desire to go more deeply into the matter than is 
possible in a publication of this character. The illustrations 
are from photographs loaned by the Forest Service, United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

Akerman, A. Practical protection and improvement of the 
farm woodlot, illustrated. (Bailey, L. H. Cyclopedia of 
American Agriculture, 1907, v. 2: 330-33.) 



18 The Fakm axd the Woodlot 

Akerman, Alfred. Spring work in the woodlot ; planting 
white pine seedlings. (New England Farmer. I\Iontpelier, 
Yt., April 7, 1906, v. 85, No. 14: 4.) 

Akerman, Alfred. Spring work in the Avoodlot. (New Eng- 
land Farmer, IMontpelier, Vt., April 28, 1906, v. 85, No. 
17: 6.) 

Akerman, Alfred. AYinter work in the Avoodlot. (New Eng- 
land Farmer, Montpelier, Vt., March 3, 1906, v. 85, No. 
9: 6.) 

Akerman, Alfred. Farm forestry. 22 p. Athens. Ga., 1909. 
(Georgia Forest Association. Publication.) 

Ames, G. W. Practical forestry for farmers. (Society for 
Protection of New Hampshire Forests. 7th annual re- 
port, 1909, p. 42-6.) 

Atkeson, T. C. The farmer's woodlot. (West Virginia State 
Board of Agriculture Report, 1908, p. 97-103.) 

Ayres, P. W. The care of the woodlot. (Society for the pro- 
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1905-6, p. 50-1.) 

Baker, H. P. The farm woodlot in Pennsylvania. (Forest 
Leaves, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 1908, v. 11: 163-7.) 

Baker, J. Fred. The Michigan Avoodlot. 14 p., illustrated. 
East Lansing, Mich., 1912. (Michigan Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, Circular 17.) 

Balderson, R. AV. The farm woodlot. (Forest Leaves, Phil- 
adelphia, Pa., April 1905, v. 10: 25.) 

Besley, F. W. AVoodlot forestry for Maryland farmers. 7 p. 
Baltimore, Md. (Maryland State Board of Forestry 
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Bogue, E. E. The farm woodlot. (Garfield, C. AV. The Mich- 
igan forestry commission and its work, 1905, p. 10-14.) 

Bogue, E. E. AVoodlot thinning, illustrated. (Forestry and 
Irrigation, Aug. 1906, v. 12: 385-8.) 

Bradfield, AA^. Standing timber in woodlots. (National Con- 
servation Commission. Report, 1909, p. 181-7.^ 

Bryner, H. E. The improvement of farm woodlots. (Forest 
Leaves, Philadelphia, Pa., June 1910, v. 12, No. 9: 133-5.) 



The Faem and the Woodlot 19 

Campbell, ]M. E. The farm woodlot. (Michigan Forestry 
Commission. Keport, 1905-6, p. 87-90.) 

The care of the woodlot. (School World, Farmington, Me., 
Sept. 1908, p. 21-4.) 

The care of the farmers' Avoodlot. (Michigan State Board of 
Agriculture. Farmers' Institutes, 1903-4, p. 80-6.) 

Clark, Judson F. Defects in the woodlot and how they may 
be remedied. (Ontario Agricultural Experiment Union. 
Twenty-sixth annual report, 1904, p. 63-8.) 

Clark, J. F. The farmers' woodlot, illustrated. (Ontario For- 
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Clark, J. F. The propagation of trees by farmers. (Ontario 
Bureau of Forestry. Annual report, 1904, p. 334-50.) 

Clark, J. F. TVoodlot forestry. (Michigan Forestry Com- 
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Coulter, Stanley. Suggestions for the improvement of Indiana 
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Davis, C. A. Woodlot studies. 16 p. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1906. 

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Every farmer his own forester. (Craftsman, June 1912, v. 22: 
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Farmer and the forest. (Independent, N, Y., July 16, 1908, 
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Faville, E. E., and Reeves, E. The farmer and the woodlot. 
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Ferguson, J. A. The importance of the farm woodlot. (Penn- 
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Ferguson, Meade. The forest and the farmer. (Southern 
Planter, Richmond, March 1913, v. 74: 315-21.) 



20 The Farm and the Woodlot 

Fernow, B. E. Farm woodlot, illustrated. (Bailey, L. H. 
Cyclopedia off American Agriculture, 1907, v. 2: 313-23.) 

Fisher, R. T. Forestry for Southern New England woodlots. 
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Foster, J. H. Suggestions for cutting waste pine lots, 1 p. 
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Fyles, Thos. iW. The farmer's woodlot. (Ontario Entomo- 
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(New Jersey State Board of Agriculture, twenty-third 
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Forest Leaves, April 1911, v. ]3, No. 2: 21-3.)) 

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Hawes, A. F. The farmers' woodlot. (Vermont State For- 
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House, H. D. Improvement of the woodlot. 14 p., illustrated. 
Columbia, S. C, 1907. (South Carolina Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station. Bulletin 129.) 



The Farm AND THE WooDLOT 21 

Hutt, W. N. Management of the farmers' -woodlot, illus- 
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Miller, F. G. The farm woodlot in Michigan. (Forestry and 
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Mulford, Walter. The improvement of the woodlot. 24 p., 
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Price, O. W. First principles of woodlot management, illus- 
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Records, P. C. The value of a woodlot. (Northwoods, St. 
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Record, Samuel James. What is the woodlot worth? illus- 
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Schwartz, G. F. Productive possibiliites, common deficien- 
cies and how to improve the woodlot, illustrated. (In 

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Bul- 
letin 44, p. 21-7.) 




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